Violence in Macbeth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 968 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Macbeth Essay Did you like this example? The context of violence can be interpreted in many ways. In Shakespeares Macbeth, violence is either viewed as courageous or psychologically destructive. In the story, figures of witches come to the character Macbeth consulting him of prophecies, raising his curiosity and his ambition, which eventually lead to his downfall. Macbeths attempt to cover his journey to fulfill these prophecies, which includes becoming king of Scotland, involves increasingly desperate acts of violence. The theme of violence is central to the development of the narrative and the characters by fulfilling the prophecies; violence manifests within. Macbeth exemplifies a very violent man throughout the play but in this it is portrayed as courageous. The war fought in the beginning of the story after the battle is won, a bleeding soldier gallavants over Macbeths victory, â€Å"For brave Macbeth/ Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel/ Which smoked with bloody execution/ Like valors minion carvà ¨d out his passage ( ). Because of Macbeths admiration he starts to take pleasure in the murder of other people. Then comes the admirable Young Siward, â€Å"Thou liest, abhorred tyrant/with my sword Ill prove the lie thou speakst† ( ). He speaks of standing up to Macbeth and killing him as a way to avenge the murders that Macbeth has caused. Eventually in battle Macbeth kills the young child but has a great significance on how the morality of violence can be interpreted in a valiant way. Also, the murder and beheading of the traitor Thane of Cawdor, No more that thane of Cawdor shall deceive / Our bosom inte rest: go pronounce his present death, / And with his former title greet Macbeth† ( ), gives King Duncan an image of respect and authority. If you are able to take a mans life you are looked at as a true honorable leader. In these instances, violence can be elucidated as respectable instead of a horror. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Violence in Macbeth" essay for you Create order Macbeths desire to fulfill the prophecies leads to the murder of King Duncan, his most trusted friend and his king. Blatant murder for Macbeth a thought so far from his mind, â€Å"My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical/Shakes so my single state of man/That function is smothered in surmise/And nothing is but what is not† ( ). At first the mere thought of murder shakes Macbeth up so bad that he starts to lose his own identity. He wants to be king but he does not yet know how far he will go to get there. Then as time passes, him and his wife plan to murder duncan so he can be king. Macbeth hesitates saying, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business/He hath honored me of late, and I have bought/Golden opinions from all sorts of people,/Which would be worn now in their newest gloss/Not cast aside so soon† ( ). Until Lady Macbeth names him a coward for not proceeding with his plan, as though a mans honor consists of the willing to commit acts of m urder and violence. What beast was’t, then/That made you break this enterprise to me?/When you durst do it, then you were a man/And to be more than what you were, you would/Be so much more the man. Nor time nor place/Did then adhere, and yet you would make both† ( ). Lady Macbeth practically convinces Macbeth to go through with the plan and murder the king for his throne. The violence ends up being on her hands and effects her conscience just as it does Macbeths. After the deed is done, he feels extremely distraught after what he has done, â€Å"To know my deed/’twere best not know myself† ( ). He essentially would rather be dead than look upon the horror that he committed. Macbeth suffocated himself with the thought and the reality of becoming and staying king; he completely lost himself with the act of one violent submission leading to another. The small seed of brutality planted in Macbeths head sprouted into something uncontrollable. Shakespeare infuses the play with blood and uses it symbolically throughout the story. Macbeth says, â€Å"What hands are here! Ha! they pluck out mine eyes† ( ). The idea is that the sight of the blood, the idea of murder, is so horrific it metaphorically tears his eyes out, indicating the horror and shock he feels after his actions. Macbeth suffers greatly from his guilt of his violent actions with King Duncan, being that he killed him. Not only does blood relate to Macbeths acts but also his wife Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is a born instigator of violence until her hands become bloody of her own and the feeling of guilt washed over her while Macbeth reigns. She envisions blood on her hands and unceasingly tries to take it off while saying, â€Å"Out, damned spot! out, I say!† ( ). Lady Macbeth wants to cleanse her hands of blood which reveals her haunting guilt over the murders that occured in her presence. Macbeths dry acceptance in â€Å"I am in bloo d / Stept in so far that, should I wade no more / Returning were as tedious as go oer† ( ), shows his cease to murder and evil. This blood metaphor relates that Macbeth has gone so far deep into acts of violence that he just plainly accepts it. Macbeths ambition to be king treads on a bloody path just to come to the conclusion that hollow and empty enterprise of surviving to become and be king is not what he thought. Violence is not only the linking element of the entire story but the driving force of the plot. Shakespeare explores the morality of violence and the true fight between good and evil. The violence that Macbeth causes in the lives of others fatefully impacts his own life. Violence can control the lives of everyone and become ones downfall which is the message Shakespeare portrays.

Similarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli - 1905 Words

Essay 1 While Socrates and Machiavelli lived over 1900 years apart, the dilemmas their societies faced draw many parallels. In Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, he demonstrates a wide-ranging set of rules and principles to be followed by a leader to ensure the steady maintenance of authority and stability in a state or principality. Not only would Socrates be opposed to many of the espoused views in â€Å"The Prince† on what creates a successful ruler, thereby society, but had he lived in Machiavelli’s â€Å"ideal† state, he would openly question and rebel against the cogs that maintain its stability, possibly even advocating its upheaval. Socrates would most ardently disagree with Machiavelli’s depiction of the supremacy of the prince and state over its†¦show more content†¦Socrates self-description of himself as a gadfly is particularly novel in assessing whether he would agree with Machiavelli’s depiction of a prince. A self -described gadfly to the state would be problematic for Machiavelli’s ideal of a princedom. In chapter 3 when referring to new conquests added to a prince’s existing princedom, he talks about the keys to establishing and maintaining power in these new territories, one of which is to crush any opposition that exists, especially the powerful. This is important point, because in â€Å"Apology† Socrates was not accused of corrupting the poor, but corrupting the youth of the wealthy aristocrats which would likely change Machiavelli’s strategy in dealing with him. Machiavelli did not regard the public opinion of poor peasants, some of whom directly poor because of policies enacted by the prince, as legitimate threats to the prince or totality of the state. But when regarding the powerful he famously argues that men should either be caressed or destroyed, reasoning that if the prince is unable or unwilling to appease them, then it is important that he not only h arms them, but harms them so severely that they will not be able to retaliate. It would be reasonable to assume that Socrates would be a man that under a Machiavellian regime, could not be appeased. Similar to how MachiavelliShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1197 Words   |  5 Pages Socrates and Machiavelli both grew up in times of political instability which formed and shaped their political beliefs. Machiavelli primarily discussed his view of how a leader should behave in the book: The Prince. A prince is an individual who is the leader of a state or group of people. Machiavelli’s version of a prince is very accurate but, Socrates would not support Machiavelli’s version of a prince. Machiavelli believed a prince must be domineering and aggressive, while Socrates viewedRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1084 Words   |  5 Pagesamong them were Socrates and Machiavelli, whose ideas regarding violence and its ideal usage to us inspired countless other prominent figures after their respective times. Socrates believed humans are imperfect and fallible, and should therefore avoid using violence. Machiavelli on the on the other hand considered violence a useful tool in achieving one’s goals. Considering both thinkers’ impacts on history, a question arises: whose concept of violence is more corrupting, Socrates’ or Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1534 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment 241: Political Philosophy Professor Ives October 13, 2017 The morality which guided Socrates were an end all, be all for him. He did not wish to live without his search for truth. Socrates would see a Machiavellian Prince as self-centered, and void of morals. A Machiavellian prince would not appreciate the way Socrates carried himself and would see him as a challenge to his authority. Socrates would not support a Machiavellian society because most likely he would not be free to philosophizeRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1250 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates are two of the most influential figures in modern day political philosophy. These two individuals established the bases for our interpretation of the world and human political interaction. While they were separated by centuries and a significant geographic distance, it is fascinating nonetheless to ponder what they would think of each other. Sadly it is impossible to ask themselves and so we must instead turn to their writings in order to glean an ide a of what their opinionsRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1649 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli both existed during times of political unrest. Both men sought different means of political leadership, and could be seen as activists of their times. During times of war and unrest, it was a bold choice that both men made to stand up for their beliefs and speak out against the system. However, Socrates wouldn’t have agreed with Machiavelli’s means and concepts of the Prince and his ideas for how a political establishment should function. Machiavelli’s means may have beenRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1544 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates agree on very little. While an initial reading of the two may elicit some comparisons, the goals of their respective philosophies rely on different foundations, and would therefore culminate in very different political results for society. Socrates would likely see in the Prince a selfish ruler, while Machiavelli would see in Socrates a dangerous idealist whose ideas would lead to instability and the death of the state in which these ideas were implemented. Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1803 Words   |  8 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates were beings of their time. The world around them shaped their views, and their views have in turn shaped ours. While both lived through turbulent times, they do not share the same ideology. Socrates would dislike Machiavelli’s description of the ideal princ e, regardless of how the prince actually ruled. Socrates would oppose both how the prince got to power and keeps it, as well as the society over which he rules. Socrates assigned certain responsibilities to both the rulerRead MoreSimilarities Of Socrates And Machiavelli1669 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Socrates and Machiavelli emerged as renowned thinkers of their time because of their approaches to government that moved away from idealism and towards a rational and real approach. To understand why Socrates would be critical of Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince we must understand the similarities and differences between the two philosophers, and then analyze if Socrates would find his ruling system to be efficient. Socrates and Machiavelli value the qualities of a strong and fair ruler, howeverRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1579 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates both lived during turbulent, political times. Machiavelli in Florence, Italy and Socrates in Athens. Machiavelli’s The Prince outlines the necessary features and traits of a sovereign, primarily, a Prince. It served as a handbook to effective rulership in the 16th century. By analyzing Machiavelli’s belief that a prince should be strategically feared, the role of free will , and the role of the people , I will argue that Machiavelli hasRead MoreThe Ideas Of Machiavelli And Socrates1988 Words   |  8 PagesThe ideas of Machiavelli and Socrates have influenced the leadership styles and approaches of leaders around the world. From Stalin to the founding fathers of the United States, Machiavellian influenced motives and ideals can be seen throughout modern history. Socrates is often referred to as the founder of Western philosophy, and his teachings have been passed on to leaders over the centuries. This paper will state both the Machiavel li’s concept of a ‘Prince’, and present Socrates’ perspective on

What Is The Difference Between Fruits And Vegetables Free Essays

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fruit) Several culinary fruits Culinary fruits In botany, a fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Difference Between Fruits And Vegetables or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fruits are the means by which these plants disseminate seeds. Many of them that bear edible fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition, respectively; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. 1] Fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world’s agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings. The section of a fungus that produces spores is also called a fruiting body. [2] In common language usage, â€Å"fruit† normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of a plant that are sweet and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, and bananas. [3] On the other hand, the botanical sense of â€Å"fruit† includes many structures that are not commonly called â€Å"fruits†, such as bean pods, corn kernels, wheat grains, and tomatoes. 4] Vegetable From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Vegetables in a supermarket in the United States. A vegetable is an edible plant or part of a plant, but usually excludes seeds and most sweet fruit. This typically means the leaf, stem, or root of a plant. The non-biological definition of a vegetable is largely based on culinary and cultural tradition. Therefore, the application of the word is somewhat arbitrary, based on cultural and/or personal views. For example, some people consider mushrooms to be vegetables even though they are not biologically plants,[1][2] while others consider them a separate food ategory;[3] Some cultures group potatoes with cereal products such as noodles or rice[4], while most English speakers would consider them vegetables. Some vegetables can be consumed raw, some may be eaten cooked, and some must be cooked in order to be edible. Vegetables are most often cooked in savory or salty dishes. However, a few vegetables can be used in desserts and other sweet dishes, such as pumpkin pie and carrot cake. A number of processed food items available on the market contain vegetable ingredients and can be referred to as â€Å"vegetable derived† products . These products may or may not maintain the nutritional integrity of the vegetable used to produce them. Differences Botanic fruit and culinary fruit In the culinary sense of these words, a fruit is usually any sweet-tasting plant product, especially those associated with seeds; a vegetable is any savoury or less sweet plant product; and a nut is any hard, oily, and shelled plant product. [5] These culinary vegetables that are botanically fruit include cucurbits (e. g. , squash, pumpkin, and cucumber), tomatoes, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper. In addition, some spices, such as allspice and chilies, are fruits, botanically speaking. [6] In contrast, rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit, because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies, though only the petiole of the rhubarb plant is edible. [7] Edible gymnosperm seeds are often given fruit names, e. g. , pine nuts, ginkgo nuts. Botanically, a cereal grain, such as corn, wheat or rice, is also a kind of fruit, termed a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is very thin, and is fused to the seed coat, so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed. 8] Many common terms for seeds and fruit do not correspond to the botanical classifications. In botany, seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovaries or carpels that contain the seeds and a nut is a type of fruit and not a seed. [6] Fruits in the botanical sense, but used as vegetables tomatoes, cucumbers, squash, zucchinis, pumpkins, peppers, eggplant, tomatillos, chayote, okra, breadfruit, avocado, green be ans, and snow peas SPOILER: A crop like Sugarcane though happens to be none of the above but rather a ‘grass’ under botanical classification. How to cite What Is The Difference Between Fruits And Vegetables, Papers

Brexit Dynamic of Nation

Question: Describe about the Brexit for Dynamic of Nation. Answer: Introduction The June of 2016 garnered a lot of interest from all across the globe due to a phenomenon that both shocked and rocked the world. It shook not only the politics of the world but also the dynamics of all the nations. The phenomenon referred here was Brexit. Brexit occurred when the United Kingdom decided to withdraw from the European Union, and the exit of British was blended as the word Brexit, a short for Britain exit (Hunt Wheeler, 2016). A referendum was held in June of 2016, where the people of United Kingdom (UK) were asked to vote to either stay or leave the European Union. 52% of the people cast their vote in favor of leaving the European Union (EU). This referendum was considered as a historic referendum and the date of June 23rd, 2016 was marked in history as the day UK left the EU (Hunt Wheeler, 2016). This outcome resulted in jubilant celebrations from the Eurosceptics around the continent, but it sent huge shockwaves to the global economy. Even the then Prime Minister of UK, David Cameron, resigned from his post as a result of the referendum passed in favor of leaving the EU. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, which provides the formal procedure for withdrawing from the EU, was to be invoked by the end of March 2017, as announced by the present Prime Minister Theresa May, which would then put UK on the path to leave the EU by the end of March 2019 (BBC, 2016). The Prime Minister has also made a promise to remove the European Communities Act 1972 from the countrys statute books, and to integrate the present EU laws into the domestic laws of UK. In the following parts, the various aspects of Brexit have been covered. This includes the historical background, a discussion of Article 50, the 2016 referendum, the resultant consequences of such withdrawal. The following discussion is aimed at understanding how and why Brexit came into existence and the future of Brexit, as well as, its impact over UK, EU and the rest of the world. A lot of concern has been surrounded with the UK leaving the EU. Some have even viewed it as a potential doom of the UK, whilst others have happily accepted as a reform. The ensuing segment highlights the reasons behind these views and also tries to analyze which view is correct. Historical Background The Treaty of Rome was the reason why EU or as it was formerly known as, the European Economic Community, was formed in the year 1957. In 1961, the UK made its first ever application to the EU to join it. This was due to the increasing danger of political isolation within the Western Europe which was forcing the Commonwealth states to form allegiance with the new bloc, i.e., the European Union. UK found the support of America in this application; but this application was vetoed in the year 1963 by the French Government, and a consecutive application in the year 1967 was again vetoed by the French Government. However, UK was successful in getting the green light to initiate the negotiations for the British membership was given in the year of 1969. On January 1st, 1973, along with Denmark and Ireland, the UK joined the European Economic Community, as the EU was known back then (UK And EU, 2016). Even the joining of EU or the European Economic Community was controversial at that time. A renegotiation of this membership was sought by the Labor Party in the initial stages, though this was later on, brought down by requiring a referendum to be passed to decide if UK should or should not remain a part of the European Economic Community. The mainstream media, as well as, the key political parties were in favor of continuing the membership of the European Economic Community. In 1975, this referendum was held, to decide this matter, where the results were in favor of the continued member of the UK in European Economic Community, by 67% of the votes (UK And EU, 2016). And so, the UK continued to be a part of the European Economic Community. Such referendums have been constant since the UK became of part of the European Economic Community or EU. And in between such referendums, a lot went on where one or the other aspect of the EU was put to test. UK, in the year 1979, decided to opt out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which acted as the forerunner in the creation of euro. In the general elections of 1983, the opposing Labor Party campaigned on a pledge to depart from the European Economic Community without passing any referendum (Vaidyanathan, 2010). The re-election of the Margaret Thatchers Conservative government heavily defeated this pledge and consequently the Labor Party changed its policy. A ratification of the Single European Act in the year 1985 took place with any referendum, which was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome, and it was 100% backed by the Margaret Thatchers HM Government. On November 1st, 1993, the European Economic Community became the European Union as a result of the Maastricht Treaty. This new name was aimed to reflect upon the evolution of this organization from being just an economic union to a political one. On December 1st, 2009, the Lisbon Treaty came into force, which further resulted in the change in the name of the Maastricht Treaty to the Treaty on European Union 2007 or simply the TEU, and the Treaty of Rome was changed to the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union 2007 or simply the TFEU (European Union, 2016). In 1964, Sir James Goldsmith formed the Referendum Party, with the aim of contesting the general elections of 1997, in order to provide a referendum on the membership of the UK in the EU (Ford Goodwin, 2014). Candidates were filed in 547 constituencies in the general election, where a total of 810,860 votes were won by the party, which formed 2.6% of the total casted votes. Though, the party failed in wining a single parliamentary seat at these votes, as a result of which it lost the deposits in 505 constituencies, which were funded by Goldsmith (Politics Resources, 2012). In 1993, a Eurosceptic political party was formed by the name of UK Independence Party (UKIP). In the general elections of 2004, this party was at third place; in the general elections of 2009, the party attained second place; and in the general elections of 2012, UKIP came at the first place with a total of 27.5% votes. Since the general elections of 1910, this was the first time that any party other than the Conservative or the Labor party had taken the majority of votes in the national elections (Mason, 2014). Eurposcepticism has seen a rise in the history of UK. The British Social Attitudes have been collected opinions since 1983 in Europe regarding whether the UK should withdraw or remain from EU. In the survey of 1990, 22% of the respondents agreed that UK should withdraw, but 43% agreed that UK should remain a part of EU but should attempt to diminish the powers of the EU. 65% of the people desired to break the legislative influence of the EU or to breach its ties (Tarran, 2016). And since 1993, the Euroscepticism has only risen. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union is one of the parts of the laws of the EU, which contains the provisions which set out the process through which the member states of EU can withdraw from the EU. The use of Article 50 has been extensively debated, especially after the referendum which was held in the UK on June 23rd, 2016. As soon as Article 50 is triggered, a country gets two year time limit to complete the negotiations. If the country fails through the negotiations to reach any agreement, the leaving stated gets nothing (Renwick, 2016). After the referendum of June 2016 was passed, the then PM Prime Minster, David Cameron declared that the subsequent Prime Minister of UK should be the one to activate this article and to start the negotiation process with the EU (Cooper, 2016). The subsequent and present Prime Minister Theresa May cleared that the discussions on this topic would not begin in the year of 2016. Through an announcement in October 2016, she announced that the Article 50 would be triggered only in the first quarter of the year 2017 (BBC, 2016). There was also controversy regarding whether or not a parliamentary approval was needed before invoking of the Article 50. One of the columnists of a famous newspaper asked this question, one week after the referendum was passed, and answered in that such an approval was indeed required (Pannick, 2016). The government was of the view that such an approval was not required as the use of the sanctioned powers to enact the referendum was constitutionally correct, as well as, was consistent with the domestic laws (Williams et al., 2016). This interpretation of law by the government was challenged by three groups of citizens in the case of R (Miller and Dos Santos) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016] EWHC 2768, before the High Court of England and Wales (Courts and Tribunals Judiciary, 2016). The court ruled on November 3rd, 2016 that a parliamentary vote was required by the UK before formally initiating the leaving process of the UK from the EU. The court was of the view that the royal prerogative, which was being exercised by the United Kingdoms Prime Minister, could not be used to nullify the primary legislation which has been enacted by the Parliament. And so, only the Parliament of UK could trigger the Article 50, which notifies the intention of the initiation of negotiations of the terms to leave the EU (British and Irish Legal Information Institute, 2016). Theresa May promised in October 2016, a Great Repeal Bill, which would result in repealing of the European Communities Act, 1972. Further, this bill would reinstate all the enactments which were previously in force under the laws of EU, in the domestic laws of the UK. The bill is set to be introduced in the parliamentary session of autumn 2016 and would be enacted during or before the negotiations of Article 50. But this bill would not come into force, till the date of exit of UK. This law was aimed at ensuring a smooth transition by keeping all the laws in force, till the time they were specifically repealed (Mason, 2016). The 2016 Referendum The previous Prime Minister David Cameron in 2012 rejected many a calls for referendum over the membership of the UK in the EU, but kept open the possibility for a future referendum, in order to gauge the support of the public (Sparrow, 2014). Under the pressure from his own MPs, as well as from the rise of the UK Independence Party, Cameron announced in January 2013 that if elected in 2015, the conservative government would hold a referendum over the membership on a renegotiated package by the end of the year 2017 (BBC, 2013). Unexpectedly, the Conservative Party won the general elections of 2015 with a huge majority. To enable the referendum, the European Union Referendum Act 2015 was soon afterwards introduced in the Parliament of UK. Cameron was in favor of remaining a part of the EU and wanted to negotiation again on the four main points, which were, the reduction of red tape, restriction of the EU immigration, protecting the single market for the non-euro zone countries, and the exemption of UK from the ever-closer union (BBC, 2015). The announcement of the renegotiations outcome was done in February 2016. Certain limits regarding the in-work benefits were agreed upon for the new immigrants from the EU, but before any of these could e applied, UK had to attain permission firstly from the European Commission and subsequently from the European Council (Spaventa, 2016). Cameroun announced the date of referendum as June 23rd, 2016 while delivering his speech in the House of Commons on February 22nd, 2016 (UK Parliament, 2016). Vote Leave was the official campaign group for leaving the EU, and other major campaign groups included Better Off Out, Grassroots Out and Get Britain Out (Watt, 2016). Britain Stronger in Europe which was informally known as Remain was the official campaign which supported the UK continuing a part of the EU, and this was chaired by Stuart Rose (BBC, 2016). Some of the other campaigns which supported this included the Labour in for Britain, Another Europe is Possible, Conservatives In, #INtogether (Liberal Democrats), and Greens for a Better Europe. The morning of June 24th, 2016, came with the announcement of the results of the referendum, where 51.9% of the people voted in favor of the UK leaving the EU, as against 48.1% who voted in favor of UK remaining the part of the EU. A petition which called for a second referendum achieved signatures of over four million people, but this petition was rejected on July 9th, 2016 by the government (The Electoral Commission, 2016). (Source: The Electoral Commission, 2016) After the results of the referendum were declared, David Cameron announced his resignation, effective from October 2016 (BBC, 2016). On July 13th, 2016, he stood down from his position of Prime Minister and Theresa May took his position as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, was replaced by Philip Hammond; Boris Johnson, who was the former Mayor of London, was appointed as the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, and on the post of Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, David Davis was appointed. Jemermy Corbyn could not attain the vote of confidence from his Labor Party and this resulted in a leadership challenge. The UKIP also changed its head as Nigel Farage resigned on July 4th, 2016 as the head of the UKIP (BBC, 2016). The result brought celebrations amongst many of the Eurosceptic leaders outside UK and they expected the other nations of the EU to follow the footsteps of UK. Geert Wilders, who is the right-wing Dutch populist, announced that Netherlands needed to follow the example set by UK and should hold a referendum on whether or not Netherlands should remain a part of the EU (Foster, 2016). But the opinion polls showed a different view, which were taken a fortnight after the results were declared of the referendum, and this depicted that the other nations of EU, along with Netherlands, showed a decline in the support to the movements of such Eurosceptics (Oltermann, Scammell Darroch, 2016). The former Prime Minster and Labor Party leader, Gordon Brown who was a signatory to the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, clearly warned that in the next decade, the UK would be busy in refighting the referendum. He further stated that the pessimist were adamant at proving that Brexit was unmanageable without a catastrophe, and on the other hand the optimist claimed that the economic risks were exaggerated (Brown, 2016). His predecessor, Tony Blair, who was also the former Prime Minster and Labor Party leader, said on 28th October, 2016 that the public opinion was set to change, as soon as the implications of the Brexit were clearly and fully understood by the people (BBC, 2016). In 2004, he signed the Treaty which led to the establishment of the Constitution of the Europe, which remained ungratified by the other states, along with the UK. Blair called for a second referendum, where the decision had to be made through either a general election or through the Parliament of UK to finally decide upon the point that Britain should leave the EU (Watts, 2016). Consequences of Brexit Economy Some attempts have been made to quantify the impact of the UKs exit from the EU over the economy of the UK. There are a broad range of estimates in these post-Brexit situations. On one hand the people have argued that the economy of the country would suffer permanent losses due to the weaker investments, as well as, trade. But, on the other hand, the people believe that the freedom from the rules, along with the costs, which have to be borne due to the membership with the EU, would enable UK in being prosperous (Allen et al., 2015). To support the statement that Brexit would result in loss to the economy of UK, the 2004 research is often cited which belong to the researchers of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. As per their research, the GDP of the UK would be permanently reduced by 2.25% due to the lower foreign direct investments. But, these estimates are quite old and the economy of the world has changed in a considerable manner since then. Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) which is a part of the London School of Economics gave anther analysis where the income falls suffered by UK were estimated to be in between 6.3% to 9.5% of UKs GDP. This loss was similar to the loss which resulted from the worldwide financial crisis of 2008-2009 (Allen et al., 2015). So, in the pessimistic scenario of these researches, UK would fail in negotiating on favorable trade terms. Even in the optimistic scenario where UK had free trade agreement with EU, the loss would be in terms of 2.2% of the GDP (Allen et al., 2015). And the overall view of such individuals was that leaving the EU would impose a lot of substantial costs on the economy of UK and was a very risky gamble. There are others who believe that the exit of UK could result in the boosting of the GDP of the country. Roger Bootle, a famous economist, believed that without a fundamental reform, EU was not worth stating in. Bootle noted that UK had paid 1% of its GDP of 16.4 billion in 2012 to the institutions of the EU. The government of UK, on the other hand, received a rebate on the contributions to the budget of EU for a sum of 3.1 billion, in addition to 0.9 billion in other receipts. UK had paid an overall sum of 9.6 billion to the EU, which was about 0.6% of its nominal GDP (Allen et al., 2015). He believed that such sum could not dictate the momentous decisions like Brexit. There are groups who believe that even though UK is the net contributor to the EU, but the country would face pressure after Brexit, to replace the regional funding, as well as, the agricultural subsidies, along with the domestic spending of the EU. And since the migrants form a large base of net contributors to the Treasury, Brexit would place a dent on immigration, and would result in the rejuvenation of the ageing population of the UK (Allen et al., 2015). Jobs Nick Clegg, the former Liberal Democrat leader, in the past has claimed that over three million jobs were dependent upon the UKs membership of the EU when the arguments were being made for UK to remain a part of the EU. It had been reported by the Guardian that the Liberal Democrats had said that EU played a huge apart in safeguarding the jobs in Britain, as EU provided an access to different markets which consists of over 500 million consumers, and also for the reason that the membership of UK in EU attracts a lot of foreign companies which are keen on becoming the part of this market (Allen et al., 2015). Some of the companies who have considered scaling back in Britain, in case Brexit was to come into being include the US investment bank Goldman Sachs, food maker Nestl, and car companies like Ford and Hyundai. The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders believe that Europe is a crucial part for the success of automotive industry in Britain. This sector alone accounts for 3% of the GDP, and employs around 700,000 people (Allen et al., 2015). But such facts have to be dealt in a cautious manner. Even though the bosses of such companies have raised this issue that EU creates a lot of jobs for UK, and a loss would result from Brexit, but there are no guarantees to this fact of loss. Also, implying that millions of job would disappear is unsubstantial and outright mischievous. This view has been supported by the Institute of Economic Affairs, in its paper by author Ryan Bourne. Bourne believes that the dynamic market of UK would easily adjust to the changes which would result from Brexit and that the stated loss by the bosses was a misuse of assertion (Allen et al., 2015). Trade This area has been full of claims and counter claims regarding the impact of Brexit over the exports of UK. Nigel Farge has made an argument the UK has freed itself from the rules, as well as, regulations by withdrawing from EU. He further believed that as a result of Brexit, UK was on its way of being a stronger, independent trading nation (Allen et al., 2015). The others believe that Brexit would result in UK being shut out of the most crucial market, which is the EU, as well as, with such markets with which the EU has trade agreements. The British Chambers of Commerce conducted a survey of around 3500 businesses. 57% of the respondents believed that by remaining a part of the EU, and with more power being brought to Westminster, UK would have been in a more favorable scenario. But 28% of the respondents believed that withdrawing, accompanied by a formal UK-EU was the positive scenario. A mere 13% believed that leaving without any agreement was a positive case (Allen et al., 2015). Immigration It is claimed that Brexit would allow the UK in taking back the control of its borders. But this claim is doubtful. The reason behind this is that a lot less number of people, come to work and live in Britain from the EU, as compared to the other nations. This is evident from the stats of 2014, which show that out of the 624,000 people who immigrated to Britain contained majority from out of EU, at 292,000 (Allen et al., 2015). Unless clarity is brought around the updated arrangement of UK with EU, it is hard to say that the borders are in control of UK. Experts believe that the access to single market would be provided to UK at the price of a similar arrangement that is currently in place regarding the free movement (Allen et al., 2015). And till the time a replacement arrangement is adopted, the British national law would regulate the migration from in and out of UK. Impact on EU The impact of Brexit on the EU would be extensive and long-lasting. As per the economist Gregor Irwin, the actual process of Britain leaving the EUs partnership, as well as, the establishment of new agreements with the rest of the nations in the EU would roughly take around 10 years. Many businesses would have to face uncertainty while the UK would be busy in forging new contracts with the countries left in the consortium (FXCM, 2016). The relationship between EU and UK could take a lot of different turns after Brexit. Irwin believed that it would involve either a Swiss-style model containing a number of bilateral agreements or a detailed Free Trade Agreement. Both of these would require continuous negotiations (FXCM, 2016). The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 dictates that the decision of the Council of EU can be blocked by four countries forming a blocking minority (EUABC, 2016). This rule was formulated with a view of preventing the three key members, in line of Britain, Germany and France from dominating the Council of EU. But, as a result of Brexit, the northern European countries like Balts, Dutch, and the Scandinavians, and the Germans would all lose an ally, and as a result, the blocking minority also. The EU could easily overrule Germany and its allies without this blocking minority regarding the budget discipline of EU and the German banks recruitment so as to guarantee the deposits in the troubled banks of the southern European member states (Siems, 2016). As a result of Brexit, EU would lose the financial centre of the world, the second largest economy of EU, the second largest net contributor to the budget of EU, and the nation which has the third-largest population (Global Counsel, 2015). So, with Brexit the financial burden would increase on the remaining nations. For instance, Germany would have to shed an additional of 4.5 billion Euros, for not only one year, but two consecutive years of 2019, as well as, 2020 (Reuters, 2016). Next to France, EU would lose its strongest military power due to Brexit. This would include the loss of one of the two veto powers that EU had in the UNs Security Council, along with the loss of the British nuclear shield. One of the reports by German Institute for International and Security Affairs suggest that Brexit could result in tipping of the EU towards protectionism, exacerbation of the present divisions and even the unleashing of such forces which would lead to the unraveling of the EU. He believes that on the other hand, that Brexit would free EU from its most uncomfortable member and would make way for EU to lead in a more effective manner (Oliver, 2013). Conclusion The 2016 Referendum has sealed the fate of UK and Brexit is the child of this referendum. The voters were asked if the country should remain a part of the European Union or should the country leave the European Union. A lot of politics involved this decision, where some parties favored the exit and other favored the stay. Ultimately, the results revealed that a majority has approved the exit of Britain from the EU. By invoking the Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, UK would begin the formal procedure for withdrawing, as announced by the present Prime Minister of UK, Theresa May, and the procedure would start by the end of March 2017. Case was also filed challenging the view of the government as per which, a parliamentary vote was not required but the court held otherwise. Britain, in its history, has had a lot of decisions made through referendums. Whether the question was related to continuing the membership of the European Economic Community or continuing the membership of European Union, the referendums have been used as a solution to decide on the crucial matter. And even in between these referendums, a lot goes around, as has been highlighted above. Brexit has attracted a lot of attention from across the globe. Not only because of the major change in dynamics of the EU, as well as, UK, but also because of the impact would Brexit have over the other countries. Some individuals believed that Brexit was the best thing to happen to UK, while others believed that UK walked towards its doom by passing the referendum. The previous segments highlighted this view. The above parts also elucidated upon the consequences of Brexit, on the various aspects. As a result of Brexit, many experts believe that UK would lose on economical grounds, jobs, and that the borders would once again come under the control of UK. But other groups of experts have had an entirely different view, which says that UK would gain by the saving in the costs, and have also shown that the jobs would not be affected. The statistics have revealed that the border problem would continue, as the numbers of migrants were from out of EU. The impact of Brexit on EU was also highlighted, which revealed the EU would lose gravely from Brexit. To conclude, it can be said that only time can reveal which party loses and which party wins as a result of Brexit. But, it is sufficient to say that Brexit is a revolution, which has forever formed a party of history. References Allen, K., Oltermann, P., Borger, J., Neslen, A. (2015). Brexit what would happen if Britain left the EU?. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/14/brexit-what-would-happen-if-britain-left-eu-european-union-referendum-uk BBC. (2013). David Cameron promises in/out referendum on EU. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21148282 BBC. (2015). David Cameron sets out EU reform goals. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34770875 BBC. (2016). Brexit: David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36615028 BBC. (2016). Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37532364 BBC. (2016). The people hoping to persuade UK to vote to stay in the EU. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34505076 BBC. (2016). Tony Blair: Options must stay open on Brexit. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37797127 BBC. (2016). UKIP leader Nigel Farage stands down. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36702468 British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (2016). Miller Anor, R (On the Application Of) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (Rev 1) [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin) (03 November 2016). Retrieved from: https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2016/2768.html Brown, G. (2016). The key lesson of Brexit is that globalisation must work for all of Britain. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/29/key-lesson-of-brexit-globalisation-must-work-for-all-of-britain Cooper, C. (2016). David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-what-is-eu-referendum-petition-david-cameron-a7105596.html Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. (2016). R (Miller) -v- Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. Retrieved from: https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/r-miller-v-secretary-of-state-for-exiting-the-european-union/ EUABC. (2016). Blocking minority. Retrieved from: https://en.euabc.com/word/94 European Union. (2016). EU treaties. Retrieved from: https://europa.eu/european-union/eu-law/decision-making/treaties_en Ford, R., Goodwin, M.J. (2014). Revolt on the Right: Explaining Support for the Radical Right in Britain. Oxon: Routledge. Foster, P. (2016). Exclusive: Britain 'could liberate Europe again' by voting for Brexit and sparking populist revolution. Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/21/britain-could-liberate-europe-again-by-voting-for-brexit-and-spa/ FXCM. (2016). What Would A Brexit Mean For The UK And Europe?. Retrieved from: https://www.fxcm.com/insights/what-would-a-brexit-mean-for-the-uk-and-europe/ Global Counsel. (2015). BREXIT: the impact on the UK and the EU June 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.global-counsel.co.uk/sites/default/files/special-reports/downloads/Global%20Counsel_Impact_of_Brexit.pdf Hunt, A., Wheeler, B. (2016). Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887 Mason, R. (2014). 10 key lessons from the European election results. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/26/10-key-lessons-european-election-results Mason, R. (2016). Theresa May's 'great repeal bill': what's going to happen and when?. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/02/theresa-may-great-repeal-bill-eu-british-law Oliver, T.L. (2013). Europe without Britain. Retrieved from: https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publications/swp-research-papers/swp-research-paper-detail/article/europe_without_britain.html Oltermann, P., Scammell, R., Darroch, G. (2016). Brexit causes resurgence in pro-EU leanings across continent. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/08/brexit-causes-resurgence-in-pro-eu-leanings-across-continent Pannick, D. (2016). Why giving notice of withdrawal from the EU requires act of parliament. Retrieved from: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/c8985886-3df9-11e6-a28b-4ed6c4bdada3 Politics Resources. (2012). Party Vote and Lost deposits. Retrieved from: https://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge97/partycand.htm Renwick, A. (2016). What happens if we vote for Brexit?. Retrieved from: https://constitution-unit.com/2016/01/19/what-happens-if-we-vote-for-brexit/ Reuters. (2016). Proposed referendum on United Kingdom membership of the European Union will be expensive for Germany. Retrieved from: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/wirtschaftspolitik/nettozahler-zum-eu-haushalt-brexit-wird-teuer-fuer-deutschland-14429116.html Siems, D. (2016). Germany in the EU soon lonely furrow. Retrieved from: https://www.welt.de/debatte/kommentare/article156289462/Deutschland-in-der-EU-bald-allein-auf-weiter-Flur.html Sparrow, A. (2014). PM accused of weak stance on Europe referendum. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/jul/01/david-cameron-europe-referendum-noncommittal Spaventa, E. (2016). Explaining the EU deal: the emergency brake. Retrieved from: https://fullfact.org/europe/explaining-eu-deal-emergency-brake/ Tarran, B. (2016). The Economy: a Brexit vote winner?.Significance, 13(2). doi: 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00891.x The Electoral Commission. (2016). EU referendum results. Retrieved from: https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/upcoming-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information UK And EU. (2016). When did Britain decide to join the European Union?. Retrieved from: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/fact-figures/when-did-britain-decide-to-join-the-european-union/ UK Parliament. (2016). House of Commons. Retrieved from: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm160222/debtext/160222-0001.htm#16022210000001 Vaidyanathan, R. (2010). Michael Foot: What did the 'longest suicide note' say?. Retrieved from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8550425.stm Watt, I. (2016). Iain Duncan Smith to go it alone in campaign to leave EU. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/20/iain-duncan-smith-to-go-it-alone-in-campaign-to-leave-eu Watts, J. (2016). Brexit: Tony Blair says there must be a second vote on UK's membership of EU. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-tony-blair-second-eu-referendum-vote-article-50-latest-a7384411.html Williams, G., Livingston, D., Zar, N., Geeurickx, K.. (2016). Judicial review litigation over the correct constitutional process for triggering Article 50 TEU. Retrieved from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f43e102f-ea09-4449-b781-a35ecfe628fe

Air Pollution Due to Transportation Essay Example

Air Pollution Due to Transportation Paper Air pollution consists Of many types. Smog, acid rain, ozone layer, and the green house effect destruction all cause serious problems for people and the environment. Smog and acid rain are caused by the release of noxious gases, like carbon monoxide. The ozone layer is being destroyed by another form of air pollution, Chlorofluorocarbons, even though these were band in 1995 people now use hydro chlorofluorocarbons, which destroy the ozone more slowly (maybe take this out? ). Burning fossil fuels cause another type of air pollution that releases very small particles into the air. The three main forms f fossil fuels are natural gas, coal, and oil. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form, and are made by layers of organic matter made into sediments over time. Eighty percent of the worlds energy comes from fossil fuels (www. Schoolhouse. Com, 2/2/07). Crude oil is a dark sticky liquid made from hydrogen and carbon. Oil wells are used to dig deep into the earths crust to get the oil. Oil provides about 40 percent of the energy Americans consume and 97 percent of U. S transportation fuels. (www. Schoolhouse. Com, 2/2/07). B. Impacts One of the major damages fossil fuels cause that is due to its combustion. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution Due to Transportation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution Due to Transportation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution Due to Transportation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When fossil fuels are burned, like when we drive a car, the gases that it gives off are contributing to air pollution. These gases are: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas that can cause respiratory problems. If breathed in, it can accumulate in the lungs making it harder to breathe or causing heart problems, or even death. Nitrogen oxides also cause lung problems, like bronchitis and pneumonia, and also are responsible for smog in the air. Sulfur oxides that mix with water vapor in clouds to make acid rain. When the acid builds up it can make areas of land unlivable for plants and animals. Hydrocarbons also make smog. (http://maw. Cuscus. Org/clean_energy/fossil_fuels/the-hidden- cost-of-fossil-fuels. HTML, 2/05/07) Not only does burning of fossil fuels from transportation cause air pollution that results in respiratory problems for people, but this air pollution also increases the global temperature. Global warming is a serious problem in the world today. The Greenhouse Effect is when the Earths temperature rises, and certain gases in the atmosphere and trap energy from the sun. Since the earth is getting hotter, more people are dying, and were using more electricity for air conditioning. Car Statistics Cars are the largest contributor to pollution in the world (site and date). Fossil fuels combustion, as it occurs in motor vehicles, has been identified as the largest contributor to air pollution in the world. Bay area is 51 % of CO that goes into the atmosphere comes from transportation. Plane Statistics Airplanes contribute to air pollution as well. Airplanes give off black carbon, sulfate, and many more air polluting substances into the atmosphere. Studies have found that when an airplane is taxiing it gives out hundreds of tons of greenhouse gases, and that does not include all of the 350 million pounds of Voss and Knox that are emitted from the aircraft during landing and takeoffs. (add more later.. ) An interesting fact that found was that a 747 Boeing uses one gallon of fuel every second. If the Boeing is traveling a ten-hour flight, its using 36,000 gallons of gas and burns five gallons of fuel per mile. But, realistically the aircraft carries 500 people, and its burning . 1 gallons per a errors, and the typical car gets twenty-five miles per gallon, so in the end the 747 is better than a car carrying one person. Not only does the air pollution affect the atmosphere but it also affects people. Since we live off of our own air, air pollution is causing health effects. Its causing more people with asthma or even worsening asthma, or causing respiratory diseases. (Butterfingered. Com, 2007). We cannot live in our own environm ent, and worry about becoming sick. We need to change our everyday lifestyles, or else our earth wont be safe for us anymore. Butterfingered. Mom, 2007) C. Solutions Though all these statistics are intimidating, there are some solutions to cut down on air pollution. Hybrid cars are one way to cut down on the amount of gasoline used, and therefore the amount of air pollution made by cars. Bio diesel cars that run on vegetable oil and instead of gas are even better because they dont burn any fossil fuel, meaning there?s no pollution. Walking and biking would also help with health and global problems, but its also been a known fact that when students ride their bikes to school: grades go up, more alert, enhances creativity. (Aviva Joseph).

Koppen Climate Classification

Koppen Climate Classification Giving a talk some years ago at a convention of bankers in some remote resort in Arizona I showed the Koppen-Geiger map of world climates, and explained in very general terms what the colors represent. The corporation’s president was so taken by this map that he wanted it for his company’s annual report - it would be so useful, he said, in explaining to representatives posted overseas what they might experience in the way of climate and weather. He had, he said, never seen this map, or anything like it; of course he would have if he had taken an introductory geography course. Every textbook has a version of it... - Harm de Blij Various attempts have been made to classify the climates of the earth into climatic regions. One notable, yet ancient and misguided example is that of Aristotles Temperate, Torrid, and Frigid Zones. However, the 20th-century classification developed by German climatologist and amateur botanist Wladimir Koppen (1846-1940) continues to be the authoritative map of the world climates in use today. Origins of the Koppen System Introduced in 1928 as a wall map co-authored with student Rudolph Geiger, the Koppen system of classification was updated and modified by Koppen until his death. Since that time, it has been modified by several geographers. The most common modification of the KÃ ¶ppen system today is that of the late University of Wisconsin geographer Glen Trewartha. The modified Koppen classification uses six letters to divide the world into six major climate regions, based on average annual precipitation, average monthly precipitation, and average monthly temperature: A for Tropical HumidB for DryC for Mild Mid-LatitudeD for Severe Mid-LatitudeE for PolarH for Highland (this classification was added after KÃ ¶ppen created his system) Each category is further divided into sub-categories based on temperature and precipitation. For instance, the U.S. states located along the Gulf of Mexico are designated as Cfa. The C represents the mild mid-latitude category, the second letter f stands for the German word feucht or moist, and the third letter a indicates that the average temperature of the warmest month is above 72Â °F (22Â °C). Thus, Cfa gives us a good indication of the climate of this region, a mild mid-latitude climate with no dry season and a hot summer. Why the Koppen System Works While the Koppen system doesnt take such things as temperature extremes, average cloud cover, number of days with sunshine, or wind into account, its a good representation of our earths climate. With only 24 different subclassifications, grouped into the six categories, the system is easy to comprehend. Koppens system is simply a guide to the general climate of the regions of the planet, the borders do not represent instantaneous shifts in climate but are merely transition zones where climate, and especially weather, can fluctuate.

Juvenile Justice Authority in Maine Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Juvenile Justice Authority in Maine - Term Paper Example Journals, books, and credible Government and educational websites have been used as references. The Juvenile Justice System In order to explore the juvenile justice authority activities in Maine, we must first understand the juvenile justice system of the state. The juvenile justice system in Maine is functional inside the greater juvenile justice framework of the United States. The theory behind this framework is based on extensive research, experience, and sociological introspection. Critical theorists and sociologists hold juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice in the terms of a class structured capitalist society. â€Å"They point to economic and social inequalities that increase the probability of lower-class youth turning to crime because so few opportunities are open to them. Critical criminologists contend that the origin of the concept of delinquency and juvenile justice in America is based on economic and class differences.† (Hesse and Lawrence, 2010, p. 59) The j uvenile justice authority in Maine practically implements the conceptual framework based on this theoretical perspective. Under the auspices of Maine Department of Corrections (MDOC), the juvenile services of the state seek to establish a society oriented approach that will give rise to a collaborative and supportive social system including the individuals along with their communities and families. Thus, the factors that put children at risk can be addressed and necessary action can be taken in proper time. Technically, the resultant functionary is both proactive and amply oriented to the social needs. Juvenile Justice in Maine: An Overview The Maine Department of Corrections (MDOC) regulates juvenile justice in the state through its Division of Juvenile Services, which is the main juvenile justice authority in the region. In their publication Taking Measure, the authorities have explicitly explained their mission in the following words: â€Å"To promote public safety by ensuring t hat juvenile offenders are provided with education, treatment and other services that teach skills and competencies; strengthen prosocial behaviors and require accountability to victims and communities.† (MDOC, Division of Juvenile Services, 2007, p. 3) The structure of the service framework is primarily based on the youth development centers. The two most prominent centers are: 1. The Long Creek Youth Development Center (LCYDC) 2. The Mountain View Youth Development Center (MVYDC) LCYDC: The center was originally named the Boys Training Center established in 1853. After several remodeling and adaptation drives, â€Å"it continues to redefine many of its program functions to enable a total multi-disciplined team approach in working with those committed and held within the facility.† (MDOC, 2011a) MVYDC: This facility started operation in 1998. â€Å"This secure facility replaced the use of county jails within the ten counties as the primary detention location for juven iles pending court action prior to sentencing† (MDOC, 2001b) It also serves the purpose of brief confinements. Moreover, the juvenile services have collaborated with the University of Southern Maine in order to embark on different social-scientific projects. These projects address the evolving needs of the juvenile justice framework. Many of the projects are designed to collected and exploit statistical data regarding juvenile delinquency and its effects in the

Transmission Electron Microscopy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Transmission Electron Microscopy - Coursework Example With the support of ray, diagrams explain how the images were obtained. Your explanation must include comments about the location and use of the objective and selected area apertures. A TEM consists of condenser lenses to focus the electron beam on the specimen, an objective lens to form diffraction in the BFP (Back focal plane) and the image in the image plane, and other lenses to magnify the image or the diffraction pattern on the screen. In order to obtain images in TEM, we either focus on the central spot (direct beam), or on the scattered electrons (diffracted beam). This is done by inserting an aperture (selected area aperture) into the BFP of the objective lens followed by selecting the appropriate beam. Bright field image (Figure 1) The given micrograph depicts a dark MgO crystal on a light and bright background. The topography on the face of the crystal is very clear. Such an image is called a bright field image and has a very high contrast. ...The parts of the crystal in Br agg orientation appear dark, and the amorphous parts of the crystal are bright. The objective diaphragm is adjusted in such a way that an aperture appears in the back focal plane of the objective lens, allowing only the direct beam to enter and blocking the diffracted beam. The objective aperture, when inserted, controls the collection angle. The placement of the SAD (selected area aperture) is critical as it should be adjusted to obtain only the direct beam in this case. Darkfield image (Figure 2) The micrograph in figure two depicts a bright MgO crystal on a dark background. Such an image is obtained by selecting only the scattered electrons using a selected area aperture, enabling them to reach the image plane. The electrons that are not in the direct beam are selected to form a dark field image. The objective aperture is moved sideways to select the un-scattered electrons. This method is of high utility in case of observing certain specific crystallographic orientations of the s pecimen. The dark field image can also be obtained through another method, called centered dark field operation. In this case, the objective aperture is not shifted and the primary/direct beam is used instead. "The beam is tilted in order to allow only the scattered/diffracted electrons to go through the objective aperture (William and Carter 2009). Selected area diffraction pattern SAED (Figure 7) The given micrograph clearly depicts the symmetry of the lattice of MgO crystal through a selected area diffraction pattern. Selected area diffraction patterns are obtained by inserting the SAD aperture into the image plane of the objective lens and aperture on the optic axis in the middle of the viewing screen (William and Carter 2009).

Professional bodies and ethical behaviors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional bodies and ethical behaviors - Essay Example According to the study conducted through the professional body of an organization, the organization is in a general position, to explain to its employees what is wrong and what is right. The professional bodies are endowed with the expertise and knowledge on how to deal with various forms of conflicts that may be existent in the organization. In the case of conflicts between the employees and the organization, the code of ethics comes in as a result, in an endeavor to solve the conflict, in a free and fair manner. Absence of professional bodies in organizations has proven total futility in solving employer-employee conflicts in the workplaces. Since the professional bodies have the experience in their jobs, they explain breaching of rules and regulations of the organization to the employees and follow up to ensure that they correct their previous mistakes. For any organization to flourish, an application of the values of the organization cannot be alienated from a successful shaping of the ethical behavior among the employees. Through the professional bodies in various organizations, Ragg indicates that these bodies are the best teams to explain the concept of values to the employees. Analysts and researchers argue that in most organizations that have recorded exemplary performances, the services of professional bodies have been incorporated in the implementation and explanation of the concepts of policies in the organization. ... Since the professional bodies have the experience in their jobs, they explain breaching of rules and regulations of the organization to the employees and follow up to ensure that they correct their previous mistakes (Mutch, 2008, pp.221). 2.2 Professional bodies and values of the organization For any organization to flourish, an application of the values of the organization cannot be alienated from a successful shaping of the ethical behavior among the employees. Through the professional bodies in various organizations, Ragg (2011, pp. 32) indicates that these bodies are the best teams to explain the concept of values to the employees. Analysts and researchers argue that in most organizations that have recorded exemplary performances, the services of professional bodies have been incorporated in the implementation and explanation of the concepts of policies in the organization. Consequently, employees have been indicated to operate within the confines of values of the organization, h onesty, commitment, and hard work amongst others. In the long run, thanks to the professional bodies, the organizations have enjoyed maximum cooperation from the employees. Minimal conflicts in the workplace mean that there is overall cooperation among all the departments in the organization. The performance, in terms of outputs, as a result, records an uphill trend, with the organization enjoying profits as a result. 2.3. Professional bodies and the law From time to time, organizations require the professional services, in relation to ethical behaviors of organizations. In one way or another, the organization will be required to seek information on whether what they term as codes of ethics comply with the law. Accessing professional information is only possible through the

Cadbury Company In Indian And International Market Marketing Essay

Cadbury Company In Indian And International Market Marketing Essay The main aim of this assignment is to analysing, describing, introducing about Cadbury company in Indian and international market as a leading chocolate brand but main focus on Indian market. This summary elaborate all about Cadburys marketing plans that how they design successful marketing. marketing strategy that they describe how maximize product manufacturing efficiency with minimization malfunctioning and what ideas behind developing market, media technology that describe why how important role in advertising, manufacturing process goods delivery, product promotion this impact regard with current and future marketing objective to create customer vale in the market. Cadbury company is second more demanding company of chocolate in the market. It has largest share price in Indian market that is near about 75 percent of total market share, which indicate customers attraction in its product which easily available in the market. The idea behind this situation is its affordable price of product with more customer satisfaction as compare with other competitor like AMUL, NESTLE etc., (kotler, 34 cadbury) Cadbury company has main objective to launch successful product in the market with specified time period. It apply effective marketing strategy to perform target objective plan, apart from this, it also apply ecommerce strategy for analyzing product performance growth or financial condition of the market. Cadbury company aware about marketing condition regarding their product and always try to give more quality product in the market and get more financial budget. Marketing strategy is very much related with marketing objective. Marketing strategy is basically describe logic (thinking) of manager by which company create and achieve customer and relationships respectively. This is very useful for achieving accomplish target market. Below are some marketing strategy points which is use by the Cadbury company; Cadbury is confectionaries company so its market segment basically realize on children, adult and on female population due to wide consumption source of chocolate. It has also target to expand market in rural areas. There are different types of customer and their different need. So Cadbury Company classified the customers need or requirement on the basis of different chocolate category like geographic ( moulded milk, wafer category) and demographic that is given below. Cadbury Company adopts innovative technology by customers, markets, and suppliers demand to unify and modified business and business strategy (it is planning by manager that can reduce complexity and make planning for future development) respectively. Technology implementations provide productivity increases during manufacturing with the help of innovative or modified instrumentation and machinery and also provide against malfunctioning. protect data against unsecure threat which can never accepted by Cadbury company, and more benefits to the Cadbury organisation in different area like create new product by customer demand and take more than acceptable benefits, Cadbury use reposition method to protect market share against competition. They use technology to provide cost reduction production by automation process with high accuracy and more perfection in quality product, and also use for innovative delivery that related with fast and time management delivery as per consumer demand. C adbury accept wide range of technology like PLC (programmable logic control), SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), and DCS (distributed control system) for minimization in malfunctioning during manufacturing of product this control system also provide successful and perfection rapper of the product. They also prefer technology that enable time to time information sharing with employee, improve communication between members, and all process should be easy to execute without taking any risk. Cadbury Company has wide range of information technology system by that they are able to keep all information about all loyal/ existing customers and all new customers. In Cadbury company media technology play very vital role for marketing communication by which they attempt to inform and persuade customer or consumers directly as well as indirectly about their products and brand with the help of media. In an indirect marketing Cadbury prefer word of mouth system in this way, people to people or customer to customer oral and written communication. In a direct marketing Cadbury prefer Personal selling system in this way, Cadbury representative make face to face interaction with one or more purchasers for the purpose of making presentation and procuring orders. Innovative Technological market system, Cadbury give first preference of this media technique for marketing advertisement that this direct marketing system to improve their marketing by use of electronic shopping, TV shopping, telephone, fax, e-mail or internet to communicate directly with solicit to his customer. Public relations and publicity system, Cadbury recommend this system to promote his particular products by the arrange of seminars, speeches, and banners decoration in famous stores or shops (super markets) and famous street etc. Cadbury company promote his particular brand product with the help of sponsors during special occasion or events like sports (cricket, football, etc.), entertainment (TV shows), festivals, etc. They also recommend promotion of his product by sales promotion like fair trade, demonstration, etc. So advertisement is main tools for Cadbury Company to promote his brand image to all over the world. Plan to expand business as in marketspace (digital i.e. shopping by internet) and also in marketplace (physical i.e. shopping in store). Generally their more concentration on e-commerce business regarding future marketing. E-commerce business is nothing but it is on-line market which are prefer by more urban area customers and sometime rural area customer also take advantage in this innovative marketing strategy, this is time saving strategy, this is more valuable because todays customer has no time for shopping, so this modern era is very effective. In this type of marketing there is no requiring more space and big office, only need for computers and internet connection. The main goal of this strategy is to provide enhance business marketing with customers valuable feedback. This marketing always cheaper than store market price. It always intend to care about customer satisfaction and there value of the money so they always keep focus and provide cost effective and benefit considerable product in the market. Cadbury company also offering exchange marketing strategy by that customer can get benefits with new product by exchange with old product, example old or expiry date chocolate replace with new fresh chocolate. Price reduction strategy without affecting quality is the main concern factor and that can be happen by the new offers, discount and implement nearest logistics and distribution centre. They has modified distribution centre with technological effect by that customer or logistics can communicate information about product go to the market easily without any barrier. The idea behind this communication is to provide chocolate more social cultural product in the market. Cadbury organisation has special team for market inspection that they always try to find weakness (linkage in packaging, numbers of bytes are broken, not able to stay long in outer environments) in the product and their remedies. So that customers get much more quality product from Cadbury company. The new ideas come through customer suggestion response in that they describe problems regarding product so that Cadbury Company gives first customer priority. Apart from customer suggestion Cadbury also follow opinion from scientist, media agencies, etc. New product (develop variety of different flavour chocolate) creation is one of the best strategy parts of Cadbury organisation as in the developing edge because new products create new market that allow to Cadbury company enter established strong market and provide cost reduction on new product. They have separate team work, which is only consider and search children demand and test because children like most chocolate. The future strategy against competitor is main aim of Cadbury company, to improve their performance better than other organisation by their perfection in quality product, reasonable price of the product, promotion as high as possible with technological innovative media, services that should never down in the future, response speed more higher than other company or organisation during goods delivery, high level of duties during any complain from customers. They strategy also aware about market share value that depend on separate area and they wish to increase market share value in future that are depend on urban and rural area where crowd, child young youth population is high. Generally these people recommend brand position with quality so Cadbury Company intend to expand brand position quality in the market with some offers gifting process. The above descriptions illustrate the future strategy and how effect improvement in future marketing operation profit of the Cadbury Company. The same time management also perform their role that check inner firm environment condition i.e. relation between employee or staff his working performance, focus on business strength, focus on product weakness, financial, share price and manufacturing condition and outer firm environment i.e. market condition, customer attraction, etc. indeed Cadburys management department duly concerned there place about chocolate in globally market place. They aim is to find opportunity in international market with above strategy through higher quality, better service, lower price, higher market share, continuous product variation improvement, regular product innovation, entering high growth markets and more customer expectation to make brand more demanded.

jazz concert review Essay -- essays research papers

The first question I asked myself at the beginning of the quarter was how much do I actually know about jazz? I have always characterized jazz music as a rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My impression on the basis of the jazz has always been portrayed with the African-American race. I think this was build up from the rhythm ‘n’ blues era and meaning according to the dictionary (â€Å"style of music that was invented by African American musicians in the early part of the twentieth century and has very strong rhythms and often involves improvisation†). But Louis Armstrong’s famous reply was â€Å"if you had to ask, you’ll never know†. Whatever else he meant, he was at least saying that jazz is noticeable, but not necessarily understandable by words. (do not really know exact cite where I have got this quote) For my concert review, I went to see the performance of Maynard Ferguson and his big band at Jazz Alley on Jan. 12th 2015. I asked some of my friends to join and they gladly agreed. Since two of my friends were a musician themselves and loved seeing live music whenever possible. They even went ahead and made a reservation. First time in Jazz Alley, the place was filled with various groups of people eating, drinking, and chatting. Our table was in good position, plus I was able to see the stage very well. We ordered some cocktails and everyone looked relaxed and enjoying their evening†¦ except me, as I was worrying about writing a paper. I started to write the names of the ...

Havaianas Advertisement Essay

This article is stating that these sandals fit all personalities and characters; no one is too cool for these sandals. In order to persuade the audience they obviously use attractive models to gain the reader’s attention. They then go on to dress the models in the clothing the words are describing. All in all they made a pretty cool looking ad that will definitely grab the attention of their audience, Cosmopolitan readers. The ad keeps one looking around the page so that the reader will see at the bottom where the name of the company and what they are selling is located. Havaianas is not necessarily implying that one benefits in any particular way by wearing their sandals, they are just trying to iterate that these sandals are or can be worn be anyone. Superhero’s, movie stars, and even tango enthusiasts would wear these at times, so they must have the style and comfort for all occasions. Havaianas might not make u better person, but it appears from the models that they are in a good mood and comfortable in there surrounding even though the house is getting destroyed. At first glance I thought the article was trying to make it seem one would be more popular for wearing Havaians, but then I realized they are trying to sell people on the products versatility, how it is a sandal for all occasions. After studying and trying to find the different meanings of the article I conclude that the implied claims are supported efficiently by the content of the ad. The words â€Å"and/or† are placed in the article twice; this helps the reader distinguish the proper meaning of the article and not assume that these are the people you can become by wearing them.

Inbreeding Depression

Inbreeding Depression Free Online Research Papers There is currently 1.5 to 1.8 million species in the world that have been successfully named and classified. Of this number a vast amount already has, or is in the process of extinction. Loss of habitat, over-exploitation of wildlife for commercial purposes, the introduction of harmful exotic species, environmental pollution, and the spread of diseases pose serious threats to the world’s biological heritage. This is of key concern as the removal of a single species can set off a chain reaction in the ecosystem affecting many others. This is especially true for keystone species, whose loss can transform or undermine the ecological processes or fundamentally change the species composition of the wildlife community. (U.S Fish And WildLife Service, 2005)Is there a method in which these species can be saved from extinction and reintroduced into the wildlife? A zoological garden shortened to zoo, is an institution in which animals are exhibited in captivity. In addition to providing visitors with an entertaining spectacle, modern zoos are also involved with conservation biology (PA, 2005). Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of the earth’s biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction (Soule, 1986). Zoos meet there conservation role through captive breeding, the process of raising plants or animals in controlled conditions to produce stock for release into the wild, education, research, animal welfare, environmental enrichment, reintroduction and support for in situ conservation of species (F, 2008). Despite many efforts being made into conserving species, there are however some major cons traints faced by zoos in meeting their conservation role while at the same time providing opportunities for the public to learn more about and enjoy nature in artificial forms. One major constraint faced by zoos, is the cost and time to conserve some species. Large species breed at a much slower rates than other species and undergo seasonal breeding and require extensive fostering. An average cost of 1 million dollars in the USA is needed per year/per zoo. Therefore zoos require continued funds by tourism, and other methods in order to keep these species conserved. Other consequences arise within species themselves. Species that are kept conserved in zoos for a long period of time, result in a loss of behaviour in the wildlife, and essentially the species become adapted to zoo life. Species that have been kept in zoos for a long period of time, are in the habit of extensive care and nourishment, and therefore become adapted to living in a predator free environment. However, when let out into the wild, these species have no experience in searching for food and avoiding predators therefore natural selection will select for these traits that are advantageous in captivity, but deleterious in the wild population. A major approach that is taken to conserve an endangered species is inbreeding, which is breeding between closely related species, most often a result of population bottleneck. This is a major comeback for conservation as inbreeding often results to -inbreeding depression which is a reduction in the species fitness, and eventually leads to reductions in genetic variability. In a population where inbreeding occurs most offsprings will have recessive deleterious traits and these traits will be masked by heterozygosity, and so natural selection will select against heterozygote’s. (Lynch, 2005) Inbreeding depression is a major consequence of captive breeding, as seen in species such as Lion population, South China Tiger, and the California Condor. These are just a few out of the numerous numbers of endangered species, which have undergone captive breeding and have been made an attempt at to keep conserved in the wildlife population. In order to illustrate the detrimental effects of Inbreeding depression, Packer et al, 1990 examined the declining lion population in Ngorongoro Crater which is an extinct volcanic caldera located at the western edge of the Gregory Rift. The lion population estimated to be at about 60 to 75 individuals over the period 1957-1961. In 1962 however, the lion population suffered an extraordinary outbreak of Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies that reduced the population to about nine females and one male. (C.Packer, 1991) Because of the drastic reduction in population size, there was extensive inbreeding amongst the survivor species. As examined by Packer et al, 1990 Ngorongoro Crater was largely repopulated by descendents of a group of four females. Each successive cohort of cubs belonging to these four females subsequently became established breeders and mated with only seven breeding males that immigrated to the Crater all during the period shortly after the outbreak. However once the sur viving females had bred successfully, the large coalitions of males prevented any further immigration which further increased inbreeding and therefore levels of heterozygosity subsequently declined by 10 percent. With a decline in levels of heterozygosity there is evidence that shows impaired reproduction in the Crater lions and higher proportion of abnormal sperm, which reduces sperm quality such that it penetrates female eggs at a very low rate. As a result productivity of the Crate population has declined since the 1970’s and as predicted the average levels of heterozygosity in this population will continue to decline in the future in the absence of any male immigration. A similar study of a lion species named Panthera Leo, abundant in Africa suffered population bottle neck due to loss of habitat. (Bjorklund, 2003) And this resulted in reduced genetic diversity which is correlated with reduction in survival. This results in a higher population decline and can increase the rate of extinction. Therefore, as demonstrated by Packer et al, and Bjorklund et al, reduction in population size of a species promotes inbreeding which causes a decline in genetic diversity, and ultimately has detrimental effects on the species. Inbreeding depression has also been observed in the South China tiger, by study done by (Y.C. et al, 2007). The South China Tiger (Panthera Tigris Amoyensis) is a subspecies of tiger native to forests of southern China. Of the currently present 5 tiger species, the South China Tiger is the rarest and the most critically endangered due to factors including hunting, poaching and habitat loss. However one of the most serious threats to tiger’s survival is the use of tiger products in traditional Chinese medicines. The tiger bone is considered to be one of the most valued as a treatment to various conditions. (Tilson, 1997) Due to these factors the individuals declined from a reputed number of 4000 species in 1950’s and continued to decline until the mid 1990’s when the number of free ranging species was estimated to be fewer than 20 individuals(Gilson et al.2004). In the 1950’s however four females and two males were captured from the wild and were used to fo und a captive population. (Y.C.Xu, 2007). Because of the vast decrease in population number, the 6 founder population were enforced to inbreed in the 1970’s and continues to inbreed because of comeback such as their mating behaviour. Female tigers can only mate when they reach maturity at 3 years of age and only in temperate climates seasonally. Because of this only a small number of tigers are able to breed in each generation which lead to inbreeding depression in 1972. As observed by (Y.C.XU et al, 2007) inbreeding depression in the population shows low level of juvenile survivorship due to the loss of genetic variation and because of this infants were not able to adjust to the changing environmental conditions. Also because of low fertility and fecundity, reproductive difficulties were observed amongst the species. As a result the small number of founders and inbreeding depression contribute to a major challenge of conserving the South China Tiger. Inbreeding depression has also occurred in the wild population of the California Condor that ranged from British Columbia to Baja California in the 19th century (Vickey, 2000). During that time period, the species faced dramatic population decline caused by high mortality rates due to exploitation, habitat destruction and the most prominent factor lead poisoning. It wasn’t until the 1987, that all the remaining population of 27 individuals of which 14 were males and 13 are females were captured and brought into captivity. (Phillip, 1995) Due to the small population size, there was extensive inbreeding which led to the loss of genetic variation and changes in allele frequency. The population also harvested a vast amount of deleterious recessive alleles, which are usually depleted of the population by natural selection. Before the decline in the Condor population there is much genetic variability, and therefore recessive deleterious alleles are hidden from natural selection by d ominant alleles. However when the population declined, and inbreeding was enforced, close relatives that mate one another likely carry the same recessive deleterious alleles. Accordingly when relatives mate the offspring may inherit two copies of the same recessive deleterious allele expressing it. According to the study conducted by (Ralls et al. 1999), captive flocks had produced five deformed embryos that exhibited Chondrodystrophy, and died near the time of hatching. Chondrodystrophy, a recessive deleterious allele in chickens, is a condition where the abnormal development of cartilage affects bone growth before birth, and eventually leads to dwarfism. Chondrodystrophy in birds can be caused by a variety of factors such as mycoplasma infections and dietary deficiencies, particularly of manganese. (Ralls et al. 1999). Therefore inbreeding depression exposes Chondrodystrophy in offsprings, which results in a high mortality rate and ultimately reduction in population and stability of species extinction. Other species that are affected by recessive deleterious alleles caused by inbreeding are Golden Lion Tamarin’s (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia). According to study done by (Bush et al. 1996), Golden Lion Tamarin’s are native to the forests of Brazil and are widely endangered with a captive population originating in 1982 due to extensive deforestation. The current captive population of 494 individuals underwent inbreeding, which resulted Diaphragmatic defects, a disease caused by recessive deleterious alleles. A diaphragmatic defect is a rare syndrome characterized mainly by a defect in the diaphragm that allows some of the abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity, and involved missing or formation of abnormal bones in the arms or legs. (M., 1980) Therefore inbreeding depression was observable in the Lion population and posed major consequences. As seen in the California Condor and Golden Lion Tamarin, low genetic diversity caused by reduction in population will result in inbreeding depression. This will unmask of recessive deleterious alleles in the offsprings of the parental generation, and will result in the depletion of these individuals due to natural selection. Today, more species are alive on the planet than ever before. Estimates place the number of species between 10 to 100 million, with only 1.5 to 1.8 million identified with Latin names (Lacy, 1997). Of this number studies indicate that 2 to 3 species are going extinct yearly due to a wide number of reasons such as exploitation, habitat destruction, pollution, global warming, introduction of exotic species, and the spread of diseases. Why should we initially care about species going extinct? Major concern isn’t about extinction of a single species, but rather the ecosystem it belongs to, and the interaction with other species. Some species play a vital role in there ecosystem, that if lost due to extinction, it could affect a numerous number of species. Zoos across the world now hold a major role in conserving these species. Species that are headed towards extinction are captured from the wild and placed in zoos in which they are provided an artificial habitat much like their ow n. With the rather small population of species, professionals employ captive breeding amongst them. It is the process of capturing animals from the wild and mating them in captivity in order to increase the number of species under protected conditions. (Waugh, 1988) Despite many species that have been reintroduced into the wild as a result of captive breeding, there is a downfall. Firstly, captive breeding programs focuses only on a few charismatic endangered species, and neglects the numerous number of other species that are in the process of extinction. It is also very costly to train individuals to capture species from the wild, and provide them with their mimicry habitat and other resources they require. A major consequence faced by conservation however, is inbreeding depression seen in species that mate relatives, or siblings. Major consequences of Inbreeding depression are seen in the Lion population, South China Tiger, and California Condor. Because of their relatively small population due to factors such as habitat destruction, these species were captured from the wild, and had gone through inbreeding. A major consequence of inbreeding is the reduction in fitness and the loss of genetic diversity. As the closely related species kept on inbreeding within themselves, it was only those alleles that were being expressed. With a loss of genetic diversity, offsprings of those individuals are not able to withstand the changing environment. Other consequences of inbreeding seen in California Condor, is the expressivity of a recessive deleterious allele. The offsprings exhibited diseases caused by these recessive alleles. Hence, when a population undergoes a bottleneck affect, most zoos try a technique commonly knows as inbreeding to try and preserve a species. Inbreeding also has its consequences as it is apparent in the three species discussed above. The most direct effect of inbreeding is inbreeding depression as it causes a reduction in population number. Research Papers on Inbreeding DepressionGenetic EngineeringRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Free Essays on Historical Perspective

The Power and the Glory A Historical Perspective Graham Greene's novel of persecution of the clergy in the early 20th century is a study of sin, deceit, suffering, religion and politics. The story begins near the end of our hero's efforts to escape death by wandering throughout Mexico. The hero is the Whiskey Priest, so named because he was an alcoholic. To understand The Power and the Glory, one must have a bit of background knowledge about the violent history of Mexico. History of Mexico The history of Mexico is one fraught with civil war, dictatorships, revolutions and political intrigue. Religious persecution was a part of this history from the moment Mexico gained independence from Spain, which was in 1821. Mexico became a republic, but the country had no experience in self-government and the economy was seriously depleted. The economic decline was a direct result of this very independence. There was pervasive distrust of Spaniards, which lead them to leave Mexico. This virtually eliminated capital reserves and the working class. In 1824 a republican constitution was adopted, based loosely on the constitution of the United States. The Mexican constitution created a federal republic of 19 states, four territories and a federal district, and remained in place until 1857 (Murray). Of note is the fact that "Article I of the constitution established Catholicism as the only religion to be tolerated" states Murray. From 1824 until 1857 a number of factions and leaders were in power, all in contention for control. The Centralists wanted a strong central government in the vice regal tradition, a paid national army, and Roman Catholicism as the exclusive religion. The opposing faction, the Federalists, wanted limited central government, local militia, and nearly autonomous states. They were in favor of giving special status to ecclesiastics and the military and exempted them from various civil obligations. Then, ... Free Essays on Historical Perspective Free Essays on Historical Perspective The Power and the Glory A Historical Perspective Graham Greene's novel of persecution of the clergy in the early 20th century is a study of sin, deceit, suffering, religion and politics. The story begins near the end of our hero's efforts to escape death by wandering throughout Mexico. The hero is the Whiskey Priest, so named because he was an alcoholic. To understand The Power and the Glory, one must have a bit of background knowledge about the violent history of Mexico. History of Mexico The history of Mexico is one fraught with civil war, dictatorships, revolutions and political intrigue. Religious persecution was a part of this history from the moment Mexico gained independence from Spain, which was in 1821. Mexico became a republic, but the country had no experience in self-government and the economy was seriously depleted. The economic decline was a direct result of this very independence. There was pervasive distrust of Spaniards, which lead them to leave Mexico. This virtually eliminated capital reserves and the working class. In 1824 a republican constitution was adopted, based loosely on the constitution of the United States. The Mexican constitution created a federal republic of 19 states, four territories and a federal district, and remained in place until 1857 (Murray). Of note is the fact that "Article I of the constitution established Catholicism as the only religion to be tolerated" states Murray. From 1824 until 1857 a number of factions and leaders were in power, all in contention for control. The Centralists wanted a strong central government in the vice regal tradition, a paid national army, and Roman Catholicism as the exclusive religion. The opposing faction, the Federalists, wanted limited central government, local militia, and nearly autonomous states. They were in favor of giving special status to ecclesiastics and the military and exempted them from various civil obligations. Then, ...